Transmission of power by alternating currents



(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 1. F. S. HUNTING. TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY ALTERNATING GURRENTS.

Patented June 25, 1895.

WITNESSES:

By his Atforneys, W .C DKLW M No Model.) 6 SheetsSheet 2 P. S. HUNTING.

TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY ALTERNATING CURRENTS.

No. 541,615. Patented June 25, 1895.

FIG. 3.

WITNESSES} INVENTOR:

' $46; By his Alforneys,

f manw \No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 3.

P. S. HUNTING. TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY ALTERNATING GURRENTS.

No. 541,615. Patented June 25,1895.

FIG. 4,

WITNESSES: INVENTOR:

fiij 4 By his Aflornays,

'TnL

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 4.

F. S. HUNTING.

TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY ALTERNATING GURRBNTS.

No. 541,615. Patented June 25,1895.

FIG. 6.

I I I lllllllllllllll l INVENTOR: 5 42M By his Attorneys, W.@hm01/L WITNEZES: 1 ,v awzu 6 Sheets-Sheet 5.

(No Model.)

I. S. HUNTING. TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY ALTBRNATING GURRENTS.

Patnted June 25,1895.

FIG. 8.

M INVENTOR:

E3715 2/15/16 W.0nmm o WITNESSES:

6 SheetsSheet 6.

(No Model.)

F. S. HUNTING. TRANSMISSION or POWER BY ALTERNATING OURRENTS. No. 541,615.

Patented June 25, 1895.

I NVENTOR: W

WITNESSES: $iz

By his Altorneys, m @rxmm Fe Unrrrrn STATES PATENT @rricn.

FRED S. HUNTING, OF FORT WAYNE, INDIANA.

TRANSMISSION OF POWER BY ALTERNATING CURRENTS.

SPECIFICATION formingpart of Letters Patent No. 541,615, dated. June 25, 1895.

Application filed January 19, 1895. Serial No. 535,444. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRED S. HUNTING, a cit izen of the United States, residing at Fortv IVayne, in the county of Allen and State of Indiana, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Transmission of Power by Alternating Currents, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to systems of transmission of power by the employment of simple or single phase alternating currents. It is well understood that in the driving of a motor by such currents, the magnetic field of the motor is oscillatory as distinguished from a rotating field, and hence the motor is not self-starting under a load; also that when once started such a motor will revolve equally well in either direction. In order to operate a motor by alternating currents to render it self-starting and give it a torque sufficient to enable it to start under full load, it has been necessary to resort to poliphase currents, usually either (Ii-phased or tri-phased, whereby a rotating field is generated. Such currents, however, involve the disadvantage of requiring circuits with three wires instead of two.

My invention provides a means whereby ordinary alternating motors having closed circuit armatures can be operated in the same manner as by (Ii-phased currents from a cir cuit supplied with simple alternating currents, or in other words my invention provides a means for generating di-phased currents at the point to which the power is electrically transmitted, whereas only simple or mono-phased currents are produced at the point where the energy is generated. My invention thus enables simple alternating motors to be operated through transformers in connection with any ordinary alternating current circuit designed for operating electric lights through suitable transformers.

To this end my invention provides an improved transformer constructed to transform a single phase alternating current into cur-,

rents of two phases which differ theoretically by ninety degrees, and practically by a sufficient approximation thereto to generate a revolving field.

Figure l of the accompanying drawings is a circuit diagram illustrating the feeding of a motor and of lamps from the same singlephase alternating dynamo according to my invention. Fig. 2 is a plan of my improved transformer in its preferred form and the electrical connections with the motor. Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating the oscillations of magnetism and of electromotive force or current involved in the operation of my transformer. Fig. 4 is a plan illustrating a modified construction of transformer. Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of a still further modification. Figs. 6 to 10 are diagrams showing modified circuit arrangements.

Referring first to Fig. 1, let G designatethe dynamo or generator generating single phase alternations of electro motive force and discharging them upon a primary circuit 01. a. From this circuit branches are taken on. to transformers connected in derivation in the usual manner. One of these transformers, B, is shown as of usual construction feeding a secondary circuit Z) Z) wherein incandescent lamps are introduced in multiple in the usual manner. The other transformer, O, which is shown in this figure connected to the primary circuit in like manner, is employed for feeding an electro-motor M. This motor may be of any construction wherein the armature has a short-circuited winding such as the socalled squirrel-cage armatures, and in which the field-magnet is wound with coils connected in two circuits after the manner employed in the transmission of power by diphased currents. These coils are connected in two secondary or induced circuits 0 and d leading from the transformer. For clearness, I will call 0 the secondary circuit, and d the tertiary circuit.

The peculiar construction of the transformer will be described with reference to Fig. 2. The magnetic core m is laminated or built up of separate laminae of soft iron punchings in the usual manner, any suitable subdivision of the punchings for assembling the parts being resorted to, the core being formed with preferably two openings or slots in which the primary and secondary coils may be wound. So far as the core and the primary and secondary coils are concerned, this transformer does not differ necessarily from the transformers now commonly constructed for converting high tension primary into low tension secondary currents, except that the primary and secondary coils instead of being wound the one over the other as is usually done, are wound in opposite ends of the slots or openings. Thus in Fig. 2 the primary coil is wound in the spaces P and the secondary coil is wound in the spaces S, each filling these spaces fromthe end of the slot to nearly the middle thereof. By reason of this arrangement consequent magnetic .poles are formed which are strongest in the positions denoted by the arrows e e, that is to say, between the coils P and S, their strength gradually diminishing toward each end of the slot. The formation of these consequent poles is due to the opposition of the magnetization induced by the primary current, and the counter magnetization induced by the secondary;

current. For example, if theprimary coil has. eleven hundred ampereturns, ittends to throw a proportionate number oflines of magnetic forcethrough the. coreiuthe-d-irecs tion of the arrow 1100, whileifi the secondary coil has for example one thousand ampere turns, it tends. to project a corresponding number oflines of; force through the core im the. contrary direction as: denoted. by thearr:

. row 1000, and these opposing forces result in;

the diversion-0t lines of" force; in the. direction of the arrows e cat the consequent poles, whereby lines are projected across. the gapsv of the.- prima-ry and secondary cur-rents, and

are capable of generating; alternating. cur.- rents in-any coil= which may bev arranged: to. inclosethem. Forutilizingthisleakagema netism or cross field which. extends transversely of the. slots, I wind coilsinsuchposistions as't-o inclose and. catch the lines ofthis cross field. To accomplish thiswiththe-construction showlrin. Fig. 2, I wind'a coilinthe.

spaces T T and. another coil; in the spacesT T,.tl1ese', coils being in planes perpendicular to.the planesof the primary and secondary coils. These coilsT and T I- will, for clearness designate. tertiary coils.

preferable. For red-ucingsomewhat the magnetic resistance of the path. of thecross mag.-

neticfield, andtogat-her. in the lines as'close as possible, I. prefer to provide the-core with lugs 77. n'projecting into the coilsfIP T, whereby as.- many lines as possible are; directed through the inner convolutions of the coils.

'I-heelectro-motive force induced in these:

tertiary coils,,and: hence also the tertiary-current, differs inphasefrom that in the second,-

ary coil Sby very nearly ninety. degrees, or one-quarter of a. period. Hence by passing these tertiary'andsecondary currentsinto thefield windingof the motor,.the eifectupon the motor is the sameasthough it were-fedwith They are connected in the tertiary circuit (1 d,.either.in. series aszshown in Fig. 1,.or in multiple as. shown in Fig. 2, as may in any-casebefound:

di-phased alternating currents, that is to say, a revolving field is generated and the motor becomes self-starting, and has a torque sufficient to enable it to start under load.

The principle of operation of myinvention will be made apparent from the diagram Fig. 3. The line i) designates the magnetic oscillations in the eoreof the transformer induced .from. the primary circuit (or which might be due to some other source). eating the diagram, I have omitted any designation of. the primary current. Inasmuch as the greatest electro-motive force is generated when the rate of change in the number of magnetic lines in the coil is greatest, it is evident that theelectro-motive force generated in. the secondary will. vary by ninety degrees from these oscillations of magnetism, this beiugdenoted; by'the linew. Assuming that the cu rreut. generated by this secondary electro-motiveforeeis working against a non-inductive load (which is approximately true in practice) then the phase of the secondary current will coincide with the phase of the secondary electro-motive force as denoted by the same line 10., (In: the operation of such amotor. as=is contemplated, the lag of thecurrent may-by proper proportioning bemade so slight that for the purpose of this explanation it 'may be ignored.) Hence the secondary currentzcoincidesin phase or approximately so with the, primary. current, whichisnotshowu in the diagram-,the twocurrents'being nearly fequal'and opposite- As themagnetic leakage 'orcross-magnetism depends upon the m utually opposingv magnetizing action of the primary and secondary currents, beingv greatest whenthey are greatest, and leastwhen they are least,.it:is;necessarily instep with them, its .phasebeing as denoted by the curvexinFig. 3. fTheelectro-motive force generated bythis I cross magnetism in thetertiary coils, varying therefrom in phase by ninety degrees, is dei noted by theline y. Assuming that the load on the-tertiary circuit is non-inductive (which by suitable proportioning may be made approximately true in. practice), then the. same line will designate the tertiary current, which as v isbest seen at the right of Fig. 3, Varies by ljninety degrees from the. secondary. current. I I thus obtaindi-phasedcurrents having a dif- {terence of phase amounting theoretically to ininetydegrees, and: practically tosomewhat iless than ninety degrees. In practice there gis alslight'departure from the theoreticalconiditions, due to both the secondary current.

;and thetertiary current working ona more ';or less inductive circuit, whereby they are iforced to some extent outof step with-their electro-motive forces,-.acondition which will gvary according to the design. of the transif-ormer and motor, and will also vary from time to time according to variations in the g load. There is also a slight magnetic disturba-nce due to reaction between the cross magi'netism and the maininagnetism. These disft-urbing elements appear to slightly divert.

To avoid complifrom ninety degrees the difference in phase between the secondary and tertiary currents, reducing the difference in some instances to considerably below ninety degrees.

Any proportions giving a phase difference sufficient for generating a rotary field in the motor will be within my invention. a

The consequent or cross field is not constant, but varies with any given proportions of transformer as the load on the secondary varies, being dependent on the number of opposed ampere turns in the primary and secondary coils. The voltage in the tertiary coils will therefore increase as the current in the secondary coil increases; and as this secondary current increases its voltage will decrease, as in any transformer wherein the primary and secondary coils are wound so as to induce consequent poles. It results that the tertiary current is greatest when the secondary current is greatest, or in other words, when there is the greatest load. Hence the motor becomes self-compensating, being driven by diphased currents in starting or whenever running under a heavy load, but as the load is diminished the tertiary current falls off, until when running under a very light load the tertiary currents have so nearly ceased that the motor becomes practically a single phase motor.

The particular construction or arrangement of parts in the transformer whereby the stated result is attained may be greatly varied so long as the principles indicated as essential to my invention are followed. As examples of modifications of which my invention is susceptible, I will refer to Figs. 4 and 5 of the drawings.

Fig. 4t shows a construction in which the primary and secondary coils are wound one over the other, so that the consequent poles generated by the opposed magnetic forces induce consequent poles in the positions indicated by the arrows e e, and in these positions the transformer core is formed with lugs 92 to better concentrate the lines of force. Around these lugs, of which there are four, are wound respectively tertiary coils T T T T. These coils may be coupled in series, multiple or otherwise, as found most desirable in any particular case. This modification thus illustrates that it is not strictly essential to the formation of consequent poles upon which my invention depends, that the primary and secondary coils should be wound at opposite ends of the core, and also that it is not essential that the tertiary coils shall be in planes perpendicular to the planes of the primary and secondary coils.

Fig. 5 shows another modification wherein the conventional symbol designating a transformer is modified by the provision of lugs n on which are wound tertiary coils T. This view illustrates in a simple form the essential characteristics of my transformer.

Fig. 6 illustrates an application of my in vention which under some conditions may be desirable. The current in the secondary coil S is increased by introducing a resistance It, which may be constant or variable, in shunt or parallel with the secondary circuit 0, thereby increasing the number of ampere turns in the coil S, and consequently increasing the strength of the consequent magnetic field, and increasing the electro-motive force in the tertiary circuit. By this means the phase-difference between the tertiary and secondary currents may be brought nearer to ninety degrees than would be possible under otherwise the same conditions. This arrangement will be particularly advantageous where it is desirable to obtain from the motor the maximum torque.

The essential principles of my invention may be applied in a varietyof ways, it being only essential that relatively primary and secondary currents be applied so as to generate a consequent magnetic field, and the magnetic lines of this field be utilized to generate electro-motive force in a separate or tertiary circuit. Examples of possible modifications coming within the essential principles of my invention are given in Figs. 7 and S.

In Fig. 7, B designates diagrammatically a transformer of any ordinary type, the second ary coil of which is included in a secondary circuit 0, in which also are included the coils of the motor M. In this same secondary circuit is introduced serially the secondary coil S of the transformer C. The primary coil P of this transformer is fed from the primary circuit either in series with the primary of the transformer B, or in parallel, as shown. The tertiary coils, here lettered t t, are connected in the tertiary circuit (1', and with the motor winding, in the same manner as already described.

In the modification shown in Fig. 8,13 is a transformer of any ordinary construction, the secondary of which is connected in a secondary circuit 0 which is connected in the same manner with the motor windings. A second transformer C has its primary coil 19 connected in parallel in the secondary circuit. Its secondary coil 3 is connected in an inde pendent circuit containing a resistance R, which may be fixed or variable. The tertiary coils t are connected in a tertiary circuit (1 which is also connected with the motor winding in the same manner as previously described. In this construction the consequent magnetic field is generated by the opposing action of coils which are primary and second ary relatively to one another, the currents in the primary coil, however, being secondary currents in the sense that they are derived from the secondary circuit 0 while the secondary coils being in an independent circuit, its current is free from the disturbing in fluences of the variations in the motor; and also by working on a resistance which may be nonl inductive, the current may be freed entirely from lag. By this construction a greater phase difference may be secured in the-currents on the circuits 0 and d Fig. 9 shows afurther modificationordevelopment of my invention by means of. which tri-phased currents may be generated from single phase currents. By meansof an ordinary step-down transformer E the hightension. currents on a primary circuit are transformed into low tension currents on a secondary circuit 0 Relatively to the motor and other transformers, this circuit is a primary circuit, and- I' will therefore call it the local primary circuit. From: this circuit a branch 0 is taken,which includes the coilsl 1 of the motor M Another branch 0 is taken from the local primary circuit,in which is included the primary coil 12 of a consequent pole transformer C Thesecondary coil 5 of this is in circuit with-a resistance R or other suitable load. The tertiary coils t of this transformer are included: in the tertiary circuit 07. which traverses the coils 2,2, of the motorM This tertiary circuit also traverses the primary coil 19 of a second consequent. pole transformer 0 The secondary coil 8 of this transformer also includes a dead resistance R or other suitable load. The tertiary coils t of this transformer are included ina second'tertiary circuit 01 which traverses the coils 3, 3, of the motor M Starting with the phase of thealternations on the local primary circuit 0 and its branches as zero, I will assume that the parts are so proportioned as regards the amount of lag due to self-induction or other causes in the secondary coil 3 and tertiary circuit d that the phase of the current in this tertiary circuit has alag of thirty degrees behind the theoretical phase difference of ninety degrees, thereby reducing it toa phase difference of sixty degrees from that on 0 As this first. tertiary current traverses the primary coil in the second transformer 0 the current inthesecondary coil 25 should have theoretically a phase diiferenoe of ninety degrees therefrom, but I will assume that the proportions are such that it lags thirty degrees behind this theoretical, giving it thereby a phase diiference of sixty degrees-fromd or one hundred and twenty degrees from 0 Hence the currentstraversing the motor coils 1 and 3, have the required phase difference of one hundred and twenty degrees. By inverting the connections of the motor coils 2, the current phase is-transposed or inverted, thereby giving, it a phase difference of one hundred and twenty degrees from the currents in the coils 1 and 3 respectively. Thus the currents in the three coils have phases separated byone hundred and twenty degrees as required in a tri-phase motor.

Fig. 10 shows asimpler arrangement for accomplishing the same result. Here a stepdown transformer B feeds a circuit c as before, and this local primary circuit has a branch 0 which includes the coils 1, 1, of the motor M precisely as in Fig. 9. The circuit 0 also is connected in like manner to the primary coil 19 of a consequent-pole transformer C The secondary coil s thereof is connected in a secondary circuit e in which-are included the coils 2, 2, of the motor. The tertiarycoils t of this transformer are connected in a tertiary circuit d which includes the coils- 3, 3, of the motor. The proportions are such as to produce a lag of phase in the secondary current in circuit e and again in the tertiary current in 01 such as to approximate the results attained by Fig. 9, but with one less transformation, so that the phases of the currents in. coils 1, 2 and 3 vary in succession by approximately sixty degrees, and hence by inverting the connections of the intermediate coil a phase-difference of approximately one hundred and twenty degrees is secured between the three coils.

My invention is not limited to the'applicationof the currents of different phases forgenerating a. revolving field in a motor, being equally applicable to generating such a field in a transformer, or wherever elsewhere such a revolving field may be desired.

I claim as my invention the following-defined novel features, substantially ashereinbefore specified, namely:

1. The improved mode of electric transmission of power, consisting in generating a single-phase alternating current, inducing therefrom a secondary current, generating a consequent magnetic field' by subjecting an iron core to the opposed magnetization of relatively primary and secondary coils, inducing from said consequent field a tertiary current of'phase different from said secondary current, and applying said secondary and tertiary currents to generate a rotary field.

2. The improved mode of electric transmission of power, consisting in generating a single-phase alternating current, inducing therefrom asecondary current, generating a consequent magnetic fieldv by subjecting an iron core to the opposed magnetization of said primary and secondary currents, inducing from said consequent field a tertiary current of phase different from said secondary current, and applying said secondary and tertiary currents to generate a rotary field.

3. A transformer for electric power transmission consisting of a core, primary and secondary coils wound thereon in positions to generate between them a consequent magnetic field, and a tertiary coil wound to inclose the lines of said consequent field, whereby there is generated in it an alternating electro motive force difiering in phase from the secondary current and said tertiary coil having terminals for connecting a consumption circuit.

4. A transformer for electric power transmission consisting of a core formed with two slots, primary and secondary coils wound therein at opposite ends thereof to generate between them a consequent magnetic field, and tertiary coils wound in said slots to inclose the lines of said consequent field and having terminals for connecting a consumption circuit.

5. A transformer for electric power transmission consisting of a core, primary and secondary coils wound thereon in positions to generate between them a consequent magnetic field, the core formed with lugs in said consequent field, and tertiary coils wound on said lugs to inclose the lines of said consequent field and having terminals for connecting a consumption circuit.

6. The combination of a relatively primary and secondary circuit, a transformer having its core wound with a primary coil in said pri- 

